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Roger Bacon · 1260–1270 · Letter
Roger Bacon's letter on the secret works of nature emerged from the extraordinary intellectual ferment of thirteenth-century Oxford and Paris, where the Franciscan friar was grappling with how to reconcile experimental investigation…
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Roger Bacon · 1260–1292 · Essay
I cannot provide a description for this work as the provided information is insufficient to identify which specific writings by Roger Bacon are being referenced. Roger Bacon (c. 1214-1294) was a Franciscan…
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Bonaventure · 1260 · Treatise
The Soliloquium stands as Bonaventure's most intimate spiritual treatise, composed around 1260 during his tenure as Minister General of the Franciscan Order. Written in the tradition of Augustine's Soliloquies, this work takes…
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Bonaventure · 1263 · Treatise
The Legenda Minor is Bonaventure's condensed biography of Francis of Assisi, written in 1263 as part of his comprehensive effort to provide the Franciscan order with authoritative accounts of their founder's life.…
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Bonaventure · 1263 · Other
The Legenda Maior stands as the official biography of Francis of Assisi, commissioned by the Franciscan Order and completed by Bonaventure in 1263, roughly forty years after Francis's death. The work emerged…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1265–1267 · Treatise
Thomas Aquinas wrote this treatise on kingship around 1265-1267 for the young Hugh II of Cyprus, who had recently become king at age fourteen. The work emerged from the practical need to…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1265–1267 · Treatise
De Potentia emerged from Thomas Aquinas's teaching at the University of Paris during his second regency there, composed between 1265 and 1267 as part of his disputed questions format. These academic exercises…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1265–1273 · Treatise
The Summa Theologica stands as Thomas Aquinas's masterwork of systematic theology, composed between 1265 and 1273 during his mature teaching years in Paris and Naples. Aquinas conceived this comprehensive treatise as a…
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Roger Bacon · 1266–1268 · Treatise
Roger Bacon's Opus Majus stands as a monumental encyclopedia of thirteenth-century learning, written between 1266 and 1268 at the request of Pope Clement IV. The Franciscan friar composed this comprehensive work to…
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Roger Bacon · 1267 · Treatise
The Opus Minus stands as Roger Bacon's condensed presentation of his revolutionary program for reforming Christian learning through empirical investigation and mathematical precision. Written in 1267 as a follow-up to his larger…
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Roger Bacon · 1267–1268 · Treatise
Roger Bacon's "On the Secret Works of Art and Nature" emerged from his conviction that natural philosophy could serve divine purposes and counter the deceptions of magic. Writing in the late 1260s…
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Roger Bacon · 1267–1268 · Treatise
The Speculum Alchemiae emerges from Roger Bacon's comprehensive investigation into natural philosophy during his most productive period at Oxford and Paris in the 1260s. Writing as both Franciscan friar and experimental philosopher,…
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Roger Bacon · 1267 · Treatise
Roger Bacon's Opus Tertium is the third and most personal of his major philosophical treatises, written in 1267 as part of his ambitious attempt to reform Christian learning through the integration of…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1268–1270 · Commentary
Thomas Aquinas composed this extensive commentary on Aristotle's Physics during his second tenure at the University of Paris, as part of his systematic engagement with the Aristotelian corpus that had recently become…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1269–1273 · Treatise
Thomas Aquinas wrote this theological compendium in the final years of his life, between 1269 and 1273, as a comprehensive yet accessible summary of Christian doctrine. Unlike his massive Summa Theologica with…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1270–1273 · Commentary
Thomas Aquinas composed this systematic commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics during the final years of his career, between 1270 and 1273, as part of his broader project to integrate Aristotelian philosophy with Christian…
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Albert the Great · 1270–1274 · Treatise
Albert the Great's "De Causis et Processu Universitatis" represents one of the most ambitious attempts in medieval scholasticism to reconcile Aristotelian natural philosophy with Christian theology. Written during his final years as…
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Albert the Great · 1270–1280 · Treatise
Albert the Great's Summa Theologiae represents one of the most ambitious theological syntheses of the thirteenth century, written during his later years as he sought to create a comprehensive treatment of Christian…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1271–1272 · Commentary
Thomas Aquinas composed this systematic commentary on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics during his second tenure at the University of Paris, completing it around 1271-1272. The work emerged from Aquinas's broader project of synthesizing…
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Roger Bacon · 1271 · Treatise
Roger Bacon's Compendium Studii Philosophiae represents one of medieval Christianity's most provocative critiques of contemporary learning. Written in 1271 during his later years as a Franciscan friar, this treatise emerged from Bacon's…
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Bonaventure · 1273 · Sermon
The Collationes in Hexaemeron represents Bonaventure's final theological masterwork, delivered as a series of twenty-three conferences to the Franciscan community at the University of Paris in 1273, just months before his death.…
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Ramon Llull · 1274–1276 · Book
Ramon Llull's Llibre del gentil e dels tres savis is a philosophical dialogue written in Catalan between 1274 and 1276, during the high medieval period when Christian Europe encountered Islamic and Jewish…
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Umiltà of Faenza · 1280–1310 · Poem
The Laudes are Latin praise-poems that come down to us from Umiltà of Faenza (1226–1310), the Vallombrosan foundress who began life as Rosanese Negusanti, spent twelve years walled into a cell beside…
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Gertrude the Great · 1280–1295 · Treatise
The Spiritual Exercises emerges from the mystical flowering of thirteenth-century monasticism at Helfta, where Gertrude the Great wrote this treatise as a structured guide to contemplative prayer and union with Christ. Composed…
