New American Standard Bible

A major conservative Bible in the formal-equivalence tradition, the New American Standard Bible is a direct modernization of the line represented by the American Standard Version, which serves as its predecessor and base translation. Covering the complete Bible, it was translated from Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, drawing on modern critical Hebrew and Greek texts, and is best categorized as a substantial revision combined with fresh work from the original languages. Its guiding philosophy is formal equivalence, and among its distinctive features are a close syntactic correspondence to the original wording and extensive marginal alternatives, which record variant readings and other possible renderings. Standing within the broader Tyndale–King James stream of English Bible translation as mediated through the American Standard Version, it has been widely used for study and close reading, particularly in conservative Protestant circles, where its literalness has shaped its reception alongside more idiomatic modern versions.