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Beatrice of Nazareth · 1235–1250 · Treatise
A short treatise in Middle Dutch on seven ways of loving God, written by Beatrice of Nazareth (1200–1268), a Cistercian nun of the Brabantine Low Countries who entered religious life as a…
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Alexander of Hales · 1236–1245 · Treatise
Alexander of Hales produced the first great Summa of the scholastic age, a comprehensive theological synthesis that emerged from his teaching at the University of Paris in the 1230s and 1240s. As…
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Thomas Gallus · 1238–1246 · Commentary
This is a line-by-line Latin commentary on the Pseudo-Dionysian treatise on the church's sacraments and orders, written by Thomas Gallus, abbot of the Victorine house of St Andrew at Vercelli, in the…
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Albert the Great · 1240–1249 · Commentary
Albert the Great's Commentary on the Sentences represents one of the earliest and most influential engagements with Peter Lombard's masterwork, the standard theological textbook of medieval universities. Written during Albert's tenure as…
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Albert the Great · 1240–1250 · Treatise
Albert the Great's Summa de Creaturis emerged from the intellectual ferment of thirteenth-century Paris, where the newly recovered works of Aristotle were revolutionizing Christian thought. Writing during his years as a master…
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Thomas Gallus · 1241 · Commentary
The Explanatio is a line-by-line Latin commentary on the Pseudo-Dionysian treatise De mystica theologia, completed in 1241 by Thomas Gallus, abbot of the Augustinian house of Sant'Andrea in Vercelli and the last…
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Thomas Gallus · 1242 · Commentary
Thomas Gallus, abbot of the Victorine house of Sant'Andrea in Vercelli, completed this line-by-line exposition of the Dionysian treatise On the Divine Names in 1242, in the last years of a career…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1270 · Treatise
Albert the Great's Book of Minerals stands as one of the thirteenth century's most systematic attempts to understand the natural world through both empirical observation and theological reasoning. Writing between 1250 and…
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Bonaventure · 1250–1252 · Commentary
Bonaventure's Commentary on the Four Books of Sentences represents his inaugural masterwork as a young Franciscan master at the University of Paris, composed between 1250 and 1252 when he held the Franciscan…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1280 · Treatise
The Libellus de Alchimia is a brief Latin treatise on alchemy attributed to Albert the Great, the thirteenth-century Dominican friar and natural philosopher. Written during the height of medieval scholasticism when Arabic…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1270 · Treatise
Albert the Great's De Animalibus stands as one of the most comprehensive medieval treatises on natural philosophy, composed between 1250 and 1270 during the height of scholastic engagement with Aristotelian science. Writing…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1270 · Commentary
Albert the Great's De Caelo et Mundo stands as a monumental commentary on Aristotle's treatise On the Heavens, composed during the height of the thirteenth-century scholastic movement when Christian thinkers were wrestling…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1270 · Commentary
Albert the Great's Paraphrases of Aristotle represents one of the most ambitious intellectual projects of the thirteenth century, undertaken as Christian scholars grappled with the sudden availability of Aristotelian texts through Arabic…
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Mechtild of Magdeburg · 1250–1280 · Other
Das fließende Licht der Gottheit (The Flowing Light of the Godhead) is a collection of mystical visions and spiritual teachings composed by Mechtild of Magdeburg over several decades in the thirteenth century.…
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Bonaventure · 1250–1274 · Treatise
Bonaventure's "Tree of Life" stands as one of medieval Christianity's most sophisticated meditative treatises, written during his tenure as Minister General of the Franciscan order in the latter half of the thirteenth…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1252–1256 · Commentary
Thomas Aquinas wrote his Commentary on the Sentences between 1252 and 1256 while serving as a bachelor of theology at the University of Paris. The work represents his required academic exercise of…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1252 · Treatise
Thomas Aquinas composed this brief treatise around 1252 as a young bachelor of arts at the University of Paris, addressing fundamental questions about the nature of reality that occupied medieval philosophers and…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1256–1272 · Treatise
The Quaestiones Disputatae emerged from Thomas Aquinas's teaching responsibilities at the University of Paris during two periods of his career, first as a bachelor of theology and later as a master. These…
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Albert the Great · 1256–1257 · Treatise
Albert the Great's De Vegetabilibus stands as medieval Europe's most comprehensive treatise on plant life, written between 1256 and 1257 as part of his ambitious project to make Aristotelian natural philosophy accessible…
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Bonaventure · 1257 · Treatise
Bonaventure's "On the Reduction of the Arts to Theology" emerged from the intellectual ferment of thirteenth-century Paris, where the newly founded University was grappling with how to integrate Aristotelian philosophy and the…
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Bonaventure · 1257 · Treatise
The Breviloquium stands as Bonaventure's masterful attempt to present the entire scope of Christian theology in condensed form. Written around 1257 during his tenure as Minister General of the Franciscan Order, this…
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Thomas Aquinas · 1259–1265 · Treatise
The Summa Contra Gentiles emerged from Thomas Aquinas's concern to demonstrate the truth of Christian faith through reason alone, addressing audiences who did not share Christian assumptions about Scripture or Church authority.…
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Bonaventure · 1259 · Treatise
The Journey of the Mind into God is Bonaventure's mystical masterpiece, written in 1259 during a retreat on Mount La Verna, the same mountain where Francis of Assisi received the stigmata. Composed…
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Bonaventure · 1259 · Treatise
Written around 1259 during Bonaventure's tenure as Minister General of the Franciscan order, De Triplici Via emerged from his efforts to provide systematic guidance for the spiritual life within the Franciscan tradition.…
