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Ambrose of Milan · 390–391 · Treatise
De Mysteriis is Ambrose of Milan's explanation of the Christian mysteries—baptism, confirmation, and the Eucharist—delivered as catechetical instruction to newly baptized Christians in fourth-century Milan. Written around 390-391, this treatise emerged from…
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Ambrose of Milan · 390–391 · Treatise
De Sacramentis is a collection of six homilies delivered by Ambrose of Milan to newly baptized Christians during Easter week, likely between 390 and 391. These mystagogical sermons were part of the…
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Nilus of Sinai · 390–430 · Treatise
De Voluntaria Paupertate stands as one of the foundational treatises on monastic poverty from the Egyptian desert tradition. Written during the golden age of desert monasticism, this work emerged from Nilus's direct…
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Paulinus of Nola · 390–431 · Poem
The Carmina of Paulinus of Nola comprise thirty-three surviving poems written over four decades of Christian life, from his conversion around 390 until his death in 431. Paulinus, born into Roman aristocracy…
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Poems Poems of Prudentius
Prudentius · 390–405 · Poem
Aurelius Prudentius Clemens composed his major Christian poems in the final decades of the fourth century and opening years of the fifth, as the Roman Empire faced increasing pressure from barbarian invasions…
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Sulpicius Severus · 390–420 · Book
Sulpitius Severus was a fourth-century Gallic aristocrat who abandoned his legal career and wealth to embrace monastic life after his wife's death. Writing between 390 and 420, he produced three major works…
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Jerome · 391 · Treatise
Jerome's Vita Malchi stands as one of the most psychologically complex hagiographical works of the early church, written around 391 CE during his residence in Bethlehem. Unlike his other biographical writings about…
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Augustine of Hippo · 391–430 · Sermon
Augustine's Sermones represent four decades of preaching to the congregations of Hippo Regius, delivered weekly and on feast days from his ordination as priest in 391 until his death in 430. These…
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Sermons on Scripture Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament
Augustine of Hippo · 391–430 · Sermon
Augustine's Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament preserves nearly four decades of his preaching ministry as Bishop of Hippo, delivered to congregations across North Africa from his episcopal consecration in…
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Jerome · 392 · Treatise
Jerome's "De Viris Illustribus" (On Illustrious Men) emerges from a pointed controversy in late fourth-century Christianity. Written in 392 at the request of Dexter, a Spanish official, this biographical catalog was Jerome's…
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Prudentius · 392–405 · Poem
Aurelius Prudentius Clemens stands as the greatest Christian poet of late antiquity, writing in the final decades of the fourth and early fifth centuries as the Roman Empire underwent profound transformation. His…
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Jerome · 393 · Treatise
Jerome's Against Jovinian emerged from a heated theological controversy that erupted in Rome around 393 CE when a monk named Jovinian began teaching positions that threatened established Christian attitudes toward asceticism, virginity,…
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Letters Letters of Paulinus of Nola
Paulinus of Nola · 394–431 · Letter
The letters of Paulinus of Nola span nearly four decades of correspondence from 394 to 431 CE, documenting one of the most remarkable spiritual journeys in early Christian history. Born into Roman…
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Augustine of Hippo · 396–426 · Treatise
Augustine's On Christian Doctrine emerged from the practical needs of fourth and fifth-century Christian preachers and teachers who lacked systematic guidance for interpreting Scripture and communicating its truths effectively. Writing over three…
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Augustine of Hippo · 397–398 · Treatise
Augustine's Contra Faustum Manichaeum stands as his most comprehensive refutation of Manichaeism, the dualistic religion he had embraced for nine years before his conversion to Christianity. Written between 397 and 398, this…
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Sulpicius Severus · 397 · Other
The Life of Saint Martin stands as one of the most influential hagiographies of the early church, written by Sulpicius Severus around 397 CE while Martin still lived. Severus, a wealthy Gallic…
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Rufinus of Aquileia · 397–398 · Book
De Principiis represents Rufinus of Aquileia's Latin translation and adaptation of Origen's foundational theological work On First Principles, completed between 397 and 398. Rufinus undertook this project amid intense controversy over Origen's…
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Rufinus of Aquileia · 397–410 · Treatise
This preface introduces Rufinus of Aquileia's Latin translation of Origen's great systematic work On First Principles, completed between 397 and 410. The translation project emerged during the fierce Origenist controversies that divided…
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Jerome · 398–420 · Commentary
Jerome's Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew emerged from his mature years as a biblical scholar in Bethlehem, written between 398 and 420 as part of his ambitious project to provide the…
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Rufinus of Aquileia · 398–400 · Commentary
The Homiliae in Iesu Nave represents Rufinus of Aquileia's Latin translation and adaptation of twenty-six homilies on the book of Joshua originally preached by Origen in Greek during the third century. Working…
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Rufinus of Aquileia · 398–400 · Commentary
Rufinus of Aquileia's Homiliae in Iudices represents one of the earliest Latin homiletical treatments of the Book of Judges, composed between 398 and 400 during a period when biblical commentary was flourishing…
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Rufinus of Aquileia · 398–400 · Commentary
The Homilies on Numbers represents Rufinus of Aquileia's Latin translation and adaptation of Origen's Greek homilies on the fourth book of the Pentateuch, completed between 398 and 400 CE. Rufinus undertook this…
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Paulinus of Nola · 399 · Poem
Carmen 14 is a lengthy poetic celebration written by Paulinus of Nola for the annual feast day of Saint Felix of Nola in 399. Paulinus, a wealthy Roman aristocrat who had abandoned…
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Rufinus of Aquileia · 400–401 · Treatise
The Apology Against Jerome represents one side of the most bitter theological controversy of the early fifth century, a public rupture between two former friends that exposed deep fault lines in Christian…
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