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Alexander of Hales · 1220–1245 · Treatise
Alexander of Hales composed this theological treatise during his tenure at the University of Paris in the early thirteenth century, addressing fundamental questions about the relationship between faith and law that emerged…
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Hadewijch of Brabant · 1220–1250 · Poem
The Mengeldichten, or "Mixed Poems," represents the most diverse collection of verse by Hadewijch of Brabant, the thirteenth-century Flemish mystic whose writings stand among the earliest and most sophisticated expressions of vernacular…
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Hadewijch of Brabant · 1220–1250 · Poem
The Stanzaic Poems of Hadewijch represent the earliest known mystical poetry in the Dutch vernacular, composed by a thirteenth-century Flemish beguine whose identity remains otherwise lost to history. Writing within the vibrant…
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Hadewijch of Brabant · 1220–1250 · Other
The Visioenen represents one of the earliest and most extraordinary collections of mystical visions in medieval vernacular literature, composed by Hadewijch of Brabant sometime between 1220 and 1250. Writing in Middle Dutch…
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Francis of Assisi · 1221 · Treatise
The Rule of 1221, also known as the Earlier Rule or Regula non bullata, represents Francis of Assisi's first attempt to codify the way of life for his growing fraternity of friars.…
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Francis of Assisi · 1221 · Treatise
The Regula non bullata, or "Rule without the Papal Bull," represents Francis of Assisi's original and most expansive vision for the religious community that formed around him in the early thirteenth century.…
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Francis of Assisi · 1223 · Treatise
The Regula bullata stands as the final and definitive rule for the Franciscan order, approved by Pope Honorius III in 1223 through a papal bull that gave the document its name. Francis…
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Thomas Gallus · 1224–1246 · Commentary
Thomas Gallus was a canon of Saint-Victor in Paris who was sent to northern Italy in 1219 and became abbot of Sant'Andrea in Vercelli, where he died in 1246. Across more than…
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Francis of Assisi · 1224 · Poem
The Canticle of the Creatures emerged from Francis of Assisi in 1224, near the end of his life, as he lay nearly blind and in great physical pain at San Damiano. Written…
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Francis of Assisi · 1226 · Letter
The Testament of St. Francis stands as the final spiritual directive of Francis of Assisi, dictated in the weeks before his death in October 1226. Written not as a formal last will…
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Beatrice of Nazareth · 1235–1250 · Treatise
A short treatise in Middle Dutch on seven ways of loving God, written by Beatrice of Nazareth (1200–1268), a Cistercian nun of the Brabantine Low Countries who entered religious life as a…
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Alexander of Hales · 1236–1245 · Treatise
Alexander of Hales produced the first great Summa of the scholastic age, a comprehensive theological synthesis that emerged from his teaching at the University of Paris in the 1230s and 1240s. As…
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Thomas Gallus · 1238–1246 · Commentary
This is a line-by-line Latin commentary on the Pseudo-Dionysian treatise on the church's sacraments and orders, written by Thomas Gallus, abbot of the Victorine house of St Andrew at Vercelli, in the…
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Albert the Great · 1240–1249 · Commentary
Albert the Great's Commentary on the Sentences represents one of the earliest and most influential engagements with Peter Lombard's masterwork, the standard theological textbook of medieval universities. Written during Albert's tenure as…
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Albert the Great · 1240–1250 · Treatise
Albert the Great's Summa de Creaturis emerged from the intellectual ferment of thirteenth-century Paris, where the newly recovered works of Aristotle were revolutionizing Christian thought. Writing during his years as a master…
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Thomas Gallus · 1241 · Commentary
The Explanatio is a line-by-line Latin commentary on the Pseudo-Dionysian treatise De mystica theologia, completed in 1241 by Thomas Gallus, abbot of the Augustinian house of Sant'Andrea in Vercelli and the last…
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Thomas Gallus · 1242 · Commentary
Thomas Gallus, abbot of the Victorine house of Sant'Andrea in Vercelli, completed this line-by-line exposition of the Dionysian treatise On the Divine Names in 1242, in the last years of a career…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1270 · Treatise
Albert the Great's Book of Minerals stands as one of the thirteenth century's most systematic attempts to understand the natural world through both empirical observation and theological reasoning. Writing between 1250 and…
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Bonaventure · 1250–1252 · Commentary
Bonaventure's Commentary on the Four Books of Sentences represents his inaugural masterwork as a young Franciscan master at the University of Paris, composed between 1250 and 1252 when he held the Franciscan…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1280 · Treatise
The Libellus de Alchimia is a brief Latin treatise on alchemy attributed to Albert the Great, the thirteenth-century Dominican friar and natural philosopher. Written during the height of medieval scholasticism when Arabic…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1270 · Treatise
Albert the Great's De Animalibus stands as one of the most comprehensive medieval treatises on natural philosophy, composed between 1250 and 1270 during the height of scholastic engagement with Aristotelian science. Writing…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1270 · Commentary
Albert the Great's De Caelo et Mundo stands as a monumental commentary on Aristotle's treatise On the Heavens, composed during the height of the thirteenth-century scholastic movement when Christian thinkers were wrestling…
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Albert the Great · 1250–1270 · Commentary
Albert the Great's Paraphrases of Aristotle represents one of the most ambitious intellectual projects of the thirteenth century, undertaken as Christian scholars grappled with the sudden availability of Aristotelian texts through Arabic…
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Mechtild of Magdeburg · 1250–1280 · Other
Das fließende Licht der Gottheit (The Flowing Light of the Godhead) is a collection of mystical visions and spiritual teachings composed by Mechtild of Magdeburg over several decades in the thirteenth century.…
