Young's Literal Translation

Young's Literal Translation is one of the best-known highly literal English renderings of the Bible, the work of the Scottish scholar Robert Young, better known to many readers as the compiler of an analytical concordance, and first published in 1862. It covers the complete Bible, working from the original languages, Hebrew and Greek, taking the Masoretic Hebrew text and the Greek New Testament as its base, and it is classed as a fresh translation rather than a revision of the King James tradition that dominated English Bible reading in its day. Its philosophy is extremely literal; its most distinctive feature is the attempt to preserve Hebrew and Greek tense and aspect, as well as word order, more directly than normal English usage would allow. The result has long circulated less as a reading Bible than as a study aid consulted alongside more idiomatic versions.