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Gregory of Nazianzus · 381–390 · Poem
The Carmina represents Gregory of Nazianzus's venture into theological poetry, composed during his later years between 381 and 390 as he withdrew from the tumultuous ecclesiastical politics of Constantinople. Having served as…
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Gregory of Nyssa · 381 · Treatise
Gregory of Nyssa's "That There Are Not Three Gods" emerges from the heated Trinitarian controversies of the late fourth century, written around 381 as a sophisticated response to critics who accused Cappadocian…
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John Chrysostom · 381 · Letter
John Chrysostom wrote this pastoral letter around 381 to his friend Theodore, who had abandoned his monastic vows to marry and pursue a secular career. Theodore had been Chrysostom's companion in their…
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Gregory of Nazianzus · 382 · Poem
Gregory of Nazianzus wrote this poetic autobiography in 382, near the end of his life, as both personal reflection and public defense. Having endured fierce theological controversies, political machinations within the church,…
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Gregory of Nyssa · 382 · Book
Gregory of Nyssa wrote this philosophical dialogue in 382, shortly after the death of his sister Macrina, who had been his spiritual mentor and intellectual equal. Structured as a conversation between Gregory…
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Jerome · 382–405 · Other
The Vulgate stands as Jerome's monumental translation of the Bible into Latin, commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to address the chaos of competing Latin biblical texts circulating throughout the Western…
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Jerome · 383 · Treatise
Jerome's treatise Against Helvidius emerged from a theological controversy that erupted in Rome around 383 when Helvidius, a Latin Christian writer, challenged the prevailing belief in Mary's perpetual virginity. Helvidius argued that…
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Gregory of Nyssa · 383–390 · Treatise
Gregory of Nyssa wrote this comprehensive theological treatise in the late fourth century as a handbook for clergy engaged in catechetical instruction and apologetic dialogue. Emerging from the theological ferment following the…
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Vulgate Jerome's Vulgate
Jerome · 383 · Scripture
Undertaken by Jerome in the late fourth century, when the Latin-speaking churches of the West were using a patchwork of earlier renderings, the Vulgate became for roughly a millennium the dominant Bible…
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Ambrose of Milan · 384–390 · Treatise
Ambrose of Milan's treatise on penance emerged from the practical challenges he faced as bishop during the 380s, when questions about forgiveness, restoration, and the church's disciplinary authority pressed urgently on Christian…
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Gregory of Nyssa · 385 · Treatise
Gregory of Nyssa's Against Apollinaris emerged from one of the fourth century's most consequential christological debates. Apollinaris of Laodicea, seeking to defend Christ's unity against Arian challenges, had proposed that the divine…
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Augustine of Hippo · 386 · Treatise
Written during Augustine's momentous retreat at Cassiciacum in 386, Against the Academicians represents the newly converted theologian's first sustained philosophical work and his initial attempt to clear intellectual ground for Christian faith.…
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John Chrysostom · 386 · Sermon
Adversus Judaeos comprises eight homilies delivered by John Chrysostom in Antioch during 386-387, responding to what he perceived as a crisis within his Christian congregation. Many of his parishioners were participating in…
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John Chrysostom · 386–407 · Sermon
John Chrysostom delivered these eighty-eight homilies on the Gospel of John to his congregation in Antioch between 386 and 398, during the height of his preaching ministry before becoming Archbishop of Constantinople.…
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Letters Letters of St. Augustin
Augustine of Hippo · 386–430 · Letter
The letters of Augustine of Hippo span nearly five decades of correspondence, from his early years as a Christian convert through his death as Bishop of Hippo in 430. Written to fellow…
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John Chrysostom · 386–387 · Sermon
John Chrysostom delivered these twelve homilies in Antioch between 386 and 387, responding to a theological crisis that threatened to divide his congregation. The Anomoean party, led by Aëtius and Eunomius, claimed…
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John Chrysostom · 386–390 · Treatise
John Chrysostom's De sacerdotio (On the Priesthood) emerged from a personal crisis that became the foundation for Christian reflection on pastoral ministry. Written between 386 and 390, the work originated when Chrysostom…
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John Chrysostom · 386–407 · Other
This collection brings together John Chrysostom's most enduring writings from his years as priest in Antioch and archbishop of Constantinople. On the Priesthood, written around 386, emerged from Chrysostom's own reluctance to…
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Didymus the Blind · 387 · Commentary
Didymus the Blind's Commentary on Zechariah emerges from the scholarly atmosphere of fourth-century Alexandria, where this remarkable theologian led the catechetical school despite his physical blindness from infancy. Writing in Greek during…
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John Chrysostom · 387 · Sermon
De statuis is a series of twenty-one sermons preached by John Chrysostom in Antioch during the spring of 387, responding to a grave civic crisis that erupted when angry citizens destroyed imperial…
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Augustine of Hippo · 388–395 · Treatise
Augustine's dialogue on free will emerged from urgent pastoral and theological pressures in North Africa during the late fourth century. Written as a conversation with his friend Evodius between 388 and 395,…
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Ambrose of Milan · 388–391 · Treatise
De Officiis Ministrorum stands as Ambrose of Milan's systematic treatment of Christian ethics for clergy, written between 388 and 391 for his ordained sons in the faith. The work emerged from Ambrose's…
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Ambrose of Milan · 389 · Commentary
Ambrose of Milan's exposition of Luke's Gospel emerges from his pastoral preaching in the basilicas of late fourth-century Milan, delivered during a period when the young church was still working out fundamental…
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Ambrose of Milan · 389 · Treatise
Ambrose of Milan's Hexaemeron emerged from a series of homilies he delivered during Holy Week 389 to newly baptized Christians in his cathedral. The work takes its name from the Greek term…
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