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Basil the Great · 357–378 · Letter
The letters of Basil the Great emerge from two decades of intense theological and pastoral activity in fourth-century Cappadocia, written between 357 and 378 during the height of the Arian controversy. As…
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Basil the Great · 357–378 · Book
Basil the Great's letters and theological treatises emerged from the turbulent fourth century when Christianity was establishing its doctrinal foundations amid fierce controversies. As bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia from 370 until…
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Philocalia The Philocalia of Origen
Origen of Alexandria · 358–360 · Other
The Philocalia of Origen is an anthology of selected passages from the vast theological corpus of Origen of Alexandria, compiled in the fourth century by Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus.…
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Short Rules Regulae brevius tractatae
Basil the Great · 358–364 · Treatise
The Regulae brevius tractatae, or "Shorter Rules," emerged from Basil the Great's pastoral oversight of monastic communities in Cappadocia during the 350s and early 360s. Written as a companion to his longer…
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Cyril of Jerusalem · 359 · Letter
Cyril of Jerusalem's Letter to Emperor Constantius emerged from a critical moment in fourth-century Christianity when imperial politics and theological orthodoxy collided with devastating force. Written in 359 during Cyril's second exile…
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Letters to Serapion Letters to Serapion concerning the Holy Spirit
Athanasius of Alexandria · 359–361 · Letter
These four letters represent Athanasius of Alexandria's systematic defense of the Holy Spirit's divinity, written between 359 and 361 to Bishop Serapion of Thmuis. The correspondence emerged from a theological crisis following…
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Athanasius of Alexandria · 359 · Treatise
De Synodis emerged from Athanasius's exile in 359, written as a pastoral letter to guide bishops through the theological chaos following the Council of Rimini. With multiple competing creeds circulating and pressure…
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Hilary of Poitiers · 360 · Treatise
Hilary of Poitiers wrote this fierce polemic against Emperor Constantius II in 360, during the final phase of the Arian crisis that had convulsed the church for decades. The immediate catalyst was…
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Didymus the Blind · 360–398 · Treatise
Didymus the Blind's treatise Against the Manichees emerged from the intellectual ferment of fourth-century Alexandria, where the distinguished head of the catechetical school confronted one of early Christianity's most persistent and sophisticated…
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Didymus the Blind · 360–398 · Commentary
Didymus the Blind's Commentary on Psalms represents one of the most sophisticated patristic engagements with the Psalter, emerging from the scholarly environment of fourth-century Alexandria where Didymus led the catechetical school after…
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Ephrem the Syrian · 360–370 · Poem
The Hymns on the Nativity comprise a collection of twenty-eight hymns composed by Ephrem the Syrian during the 360s, written in Syriac for liturgical use during the Christmas season. These works emerged…
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Ephrem the Syrian · 360–373 · Poem
Ephrem the Syrian's Hymns on Virginity comprises fifty-two hymns composed between 360 and 373 CE, written in Syriac verse during his final years as a deacon in Edessa. These hymns emerged from…
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Athanasius of Alexandria · 360 · Other
Athanasius of Alexandria wrote this biography of the desert father Antony around 360, shortly after the hermit's death at the remarkable age of 105. The work emerged from Athanasius's deep friendship with…
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Basil the Great · 360–370 · Treatise
Basil the Great's De Baptismo emerged from the theological turbulence of fourth-century Cappadocia, where questions about baptismal practice and the nature of Christian initiation demanded careful doctrinal clarification. Writing during his tenure…
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Didymus the Blind · 360–380 · Treatise
Didymus the Blind's treatise on the Holy Spirit emerged during the intense theological debates of the fourth century, when the church was still working out the full implications of Nicene orthodoxy. Writing…
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Gregory of Nazianzus · 362 · Sermon
Gregory of Nazianzus delivered this apologetic oration in 362 AD as a defense of his temporary withdrawal from pastoral ministry in Nazianzus. Following his ordination as priest by his father (also named…
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Orations Orations of Gregory of Nazianzus
Gregory of Nazianzus · 362–390 · Sermon
Gregory of Nazianzus delivered these forty-five orations across nearly three decades of ministry in fourth-century Cappadocia and Constantinople, speaking into the theological upheaval that followed the Council of Nicaea. As Arianism continued…
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Orations Select Orations of Gregory Nazianzen
Gregory of Nazianzus · 362–390 · Sermon
Gregory of Nazianzus delivered his most celebrated orations during the turbulent decades of the fourth century when Arianism threatened to reshape Christian understanding of the Trinity. As one of the Cappadocian Fathers,…
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Basil the Great · 363–365 · Treatise
Basil the Great's Adversus Eunomium stands as one of the most significant theological treatises of the fourth century, written between 363 and 365 in direct response to the radical Arian bishop Eunomius…
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Ephrem the Syrian · 363–373 · Commentary
Ephrem the Syrian's Commentary on the Diatessaron stands as the earliest surviving verse-by-verse commentary on Tatian's gospel harmony, composed during the final decade of Ephrem's life in Edessa between 363 and 373.…
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Ephrem the Syrian · 363–373 · Poem
These fifteen liturgical hymns emerge from the golden age of Syriac Christianity in fourth-century Mesopotamia, composed by Ephrem during his final decade in Edessa. Written in the distinctive Syriac poetic meter that…
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Ephrem the Syrian · 363–373 · Poem
Ephrem the Syrian composed these liturgical hymns during the final decade of his life while serving as a deacon in Edessa, as the young Christian church faced both external persecution and internal…
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Ephrem the Syrian · 363–373 · Sermon
These homilies represent the flowering of Syriac Christianity in the fourth century, delivered by Ephrem the Syrian during his final decade in Edessa. As deacon of the cathedral church, Ephrem preached to…
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Hilary of Poitiers · 364–365 · Treatise
Against Auxentius stands as one of Hilary of Poitiers' final theological battles, written in 364-365 during his last years as he confronted the resurgence of Arianism in the West. The treatise targets…
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